Linear Causation Schemes in Post-genomic Biology: The Subliminal and Convenient One-to-one Genotype-Phenotype Mapping Assumption

Abstract

In this essay we question the validity of basic assumptions in molecular biology and evolution on the basis of recent experimental data and through the lenses of a systems and nonlinear perspective. We focus our discussion on two well-established foundations of biology: the flow of information in molecular biology (i.e., the central dogma of molecular biology), and the “causal” linear signaling pathway paradigm. Under both paradigms the subliminal assumption of a one-to-one genotype-phenotype mapping (GPM) constitutes an underlying working hypothesis in many cases. We ask if this is empirically sustainable in post-genomic biology. We conclude that when embracing the notion of complex networks and dynamical processes governing cellular behavior—a view now empirically validated—one-to-one mapping can no longer be sustained. We hypothesize that such subliminal and sometimes explicit assumption may be upheld, to a certain degree, because it is convenient for the private appropriation and marketing of scientific discoveries. Hopefully, our discussion will help smooth the undergoing transition towards a more integrative, explanatory, quantitative and multidisciplinary systems biology. The latter will likely also yield more preventive and sustainable medical and agricultural developments, respectively, than a reductionist approach.